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                <text>J. Disturnell</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=529773"&gt;AAS Catalog Record&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;The rapid expansion of new modes of transportation and communication technology that increasingly connected the American states is evident in this 1856 &lt;em&gt;Disturnell’s New Map of the United States and Canada&lt;/em&gt;. Drawn by Henry A. Burr, the topographer to the Post Office Department in Washington, D.C., and published by J. Disturnell (1801-77) in New York, this map highlights working railroads, telegraph lines, canals, and stagecoach routes, but also includes steamboats and unfinished railroad routes in its key. The increasing number of options for travel, as well as their speed and scheduled regularity, transformed the way news and information was disseminated, both publicly and privately. The fact that this map was drawn by the post office’s official topographer also speaks to the crucial part that office played in the development of these new networks.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>John Holt</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=104"&gt;AAS Catalog Record&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Although the &lt;a href="https://collections.americanantiquarian.org/earlyamericannewsmedia/exhibits/show/age-of-revolution/item/26"&gt;repeal of the Stamp Act&lt;/a&gt; led many to briefly believe the Crown would leave the colonies alone, the institution of the Townshend Acts in 1767 erased that hope. The colonists&amp;rsquo; resistance to these acts led to the establishment of British troops in Boston for the purpose of restoring order.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;They began arriving in the harbor at the end of September 1768, and almost immediately the leaders of the Boston resistance began working to inform the other colonies of what life was like under military occupation. Chief among the means of doing this was the &amp;ldquo;Journal of Occurrences,&amp;rdquo; a series of anonymous news accounts published in the &lt;em&gt;New York Journal&lt;/em&gt; from 1768 to 1769, giving a &amp;ldquo;factual&amp;rdquo; account of incidents during the occupation. Thought to have perhaps been written by Samuel Adams (1722-1803), or possibly a collaborative group of men, the articles exaggerated the situation for political purposes, depicting the British soldiers as committing a long line of atrocities, assaulting men and raping women with great regularity. In the way of news distribution of the period, the &amp;ldquo;Journal&amp;rdquo; was reprinted in many newspapers throughout the colonies, inciting anger toward the British and sympathy for the plight of the Bostonians.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;em&gt;Click the image below to browse the full issue.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;iframe src="https://fliphtml5.com/embed/dist/html/embed-cover.html#!/?w=0&amp;amp;bc=#000&amp;amp;p=1&amp;amp;l=http://online.fliphtml5.com/xohe/aplf/&amp;amp;t=http://online.fliphtml5.com/xohe/aplf/files/shot.jpg" frameborder="0" width="227" height="350"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</text>
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                <text>Prince, Thomas, 1687-1758</text>
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                <text>Extraordinary Events the Doings of God, and Marvellous in Pious Eyes</text>
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                <text>Extraordinary Events the Doings of God, and Marvellous in Pious Eyes. Illustrated in a sermon at the South Church in Boston, N.E. on the general Thanksgiving, Thursday, July 18. 1745.</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://collections.americanantiquarian.org/earlyamericannewsmedia/items/browse?tag=Thomas+Prince"&gt;Thomas Prince&lt;/a&gt; (1687-1758), the senior minister of Old South Church in Boston from 1718 until his death in 1758, was a leading American proponent of the new natural sciences and the British Enlightenment. Yet he was a theological conservative who hoped to preserve the traditional Puritan doctrine of God&amp;rsquo;s active role in nature and in New England history and life. Many of his sermons and other writings were, in a sense, a species of journalism: like the work of Increase (1639-1723) and Cotton Mather (1663-1728) before him, they were descriptions of and meditations upon current events. In these sermons, he presented what he took to be scientific disquisitions on how God could guide natural and human events in a way that was consistent with the laws of nature. In addition to sermons and histories, Prince also created, in collaboration with his son, the first successful magazine in America. &lt;em&gt;The Christian History&lt;/em&gt;, launched in 1743, reported the news of the religious revivals of the so-called Great Awakening.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;This Prince sermon is an account of the Siege of Louisbourg on &lt;a href="https://collections.americanantiquarian.org/earlyamericannewsmedia/items/browse?tag=Cape+Breton+Island"&gt;Cape Breton Island&lt;/a&gt; in 1745. It is an example of news as divine providence. Prince argues that the victory of the New England expeditionary force was the result of natural occurrences and forces, yet it was divinely ordained. The patterns of events&amp;mdash;&amp;ldquo;trains of coincidence,&amp;rdquo; he calls them&amp;mdash;revealed the hand of God. &amp;ldquo;Some extraordinary Events,&amp;rdquo; he writes, &amp;ldquo;without being properly term&amp;rsquo;d miraculous, have such lively Characters of their being the Doings of GOD.&amp;rdquo; Though Prince attributes the New Englanders&amp;rsquo; success at Louisbourg to God, he also lavishes praise on Massachusetts Governor William Shirley (1694-1771), who had organized the expedition. For loyal English subjects such as Thomas Prince, English governors and monarchs frequently enacted the will of God.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Click the image below to view a portion of this sermon.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>The North Star</text>
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                <text>December 22, 1848</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=6273"&gt;AAS Catalog Record&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;The most famous African American in antebellum America was Frederick Douglass (ca. 1818-95), an escaped slave from Maryland who achieved renown in the North as an antislavery lecturer and writer. Douglass began his abolitionist career in league with William Lloyd Garrison (1805-79), but he broke with Garrison in the late 1840s over the efficacy of politics. Douglass came to believe that slavery could be attacked through practical political action as well as through moral suasion. Douglass also believed that black people themselves must lead in the movement for their own liberation, which is one of the reasons he founded a new abolitionist newspaper, the &lt;em&gt;North Star&lt;/em&gt;, in Rochester, New York, in 1847. Like &lt;a href="https://collections.americanantiquarian.org/earlyamericannewsmedia/exhibits/show/news-in-antebellum-america/item/17"&gt;Garrison&amp;rsquo;s &lt;em&gt;Liberator&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;em&gt;North Star&lt;/em&gt; reprinted a wide variety of news, documents, and reader correspondence on every facet of slavery and antislavery. The paper also carried a good deal of material designed to support the scattered community of free black people in the North.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;This copy of the &lt;em&gt;North Star&lt;/em&gt; is the one-year anniversary issue of the paper. It is fairly typical in its mix of reprinted news, speeches, letters, essays, and advertisements, along with some features and curios that have little to do with slavery. On page 1 Douglass lays out his core objectives: &amp;ldquo;to attack SLAVERY in all its forms and aspects&amp;rdquo; and to &amp;ldquo;promote the moral and intellectual improvement of the COLORED PEOPLE.&amp;rdquo; He includes stories on slavery in Washington, D.C., an international history of race and caste, an antiwar essay, a piece on the French constitution, and a reprint from a Pennsylvania antislavery newspaper with a declaration congruent with the &lt;em&gt;North Star&lt;/em&gt;&amp;rsquo;s own agenda: &amp;ldquo;No white men can do for them [free blacks] what they can do for themselves.&amp;rdquo; The paper also carries on page 1 a story about a new free black settlement in upstate New York and two items with practical advice on dress: &amp;ldquo;Have the courage to wear your old clothes, until you can pay for new ones.&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;em&gt;Click the image below to browse the full issue.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;iframe src="https://fliphtml5.com/embed/dist/html/embed-cover.html#!/?w=0&amp;amp;bc=#000&amp;amp;p=1&amp;amp;l=http://online.fliphtml5.com/xohe/ckyi/&amp;amp;t=http://online.fliphtml5.com/xohe/ckyi/files/shot.jpg" frameborder="0" width="259" height="350"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Before the Civil War, Southerners were also consuming the popular &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://collections.americanantiquarian.org/earlyamericannewsmedia/exhibits/show/news-and-the-civil-war/item/124"&gt;Harper&amp;rsquo;s Weekly&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://collections.americanantiquarian.org/earlyamericannewsmedia/exhibits/show/news-and-the-civil-war/item/122"&gt;Frank Leslie&amp;rsquo;s Illustrated Newspaper&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. After the commencement of the war, however, readers in the Confederate states were cut off from these papers. In order to fulfill the demand for an illustrated weekly in the South, the&lt;em&gt; Southern Illustrated News &lt;/em&gt;began on September 13, 1862, in Richmond, Virginia. Despite sporadic interruptions, it lasted until September 3, 1865.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;The paper didn&amp;rsquo;t have access to the most skilled artists or wood engravers, as is evident in the low number of actual illustrations in the newspaper (the only one in this issue is on the front page), the quality of those that did appear, and in the paper&amp;rsquo;s continuous call for new engravers. Nevertheless, it managed to put out a passable publication with some illustrations of the war, Southern life, notable Confederates, and newsworthy events.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;This July 25, 1863, issue includes a cover profile of General William W. Loring (1818-86), poems and fiction, historical and lifestyle tidbits, book reviews, advertisements, and an account of the battle at Gettysburg. Furthermore, never fully isolated from the Northern press, on page 19 is a response to &lt;em&gt;Harper&amp;rsquo;s Weekly&lt;/em&gt;&amp;rsquo;s famous &lt;a href="https://collections.americanantiquarian.org/earlyamericannewsmedia/exhibits/show/news-and-the-civil-war/item/126"&gt;&amp;ldquo;A Typical Negro&amp;rdquo;&lt;/a&gt; article. It gives a summary and excerpts from the article, ending with the conclusion, &amp;ldquo;A more palpable falsehood was never published in any Yankee paper.&amp;rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;em&gt;Click the image below to browse the full issue.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;iframe src="https://fliphtml5.com/embed/dist/html/embed-cover.html#!/?w=0&amp;amp;bc=#000&amp;amp;p=1&amp;amp;l=http://online.fliphtml5.com/xohe/fxqb/&amp;amp;t=http://online.fliphtml5.com/xohe/fxqb/files/shot.jpg" frameborder="0" width="240" height="350"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;As the war progressed, &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://collections.americanantiquarian.org/earlyamericannewsmedia/exhibits/show/news-in-the-civil-war/item/124"&gt;Harper&amp;rsquo;s Weekly&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/em&gt;changed from toeing the middle political (or even apolitical) ground to a more outright Union stance. This was also the case for its attitude toward African Americans. By 1863, especially after the Emancipation Proclamation took effect on January 1, the illustrations in &lt;em&gt;Harper&amp;rsquo;s&lt;/em&gt; depicting African Americans began to lose some of their &lt;a href="https://collections.americanantiquarian.org/earlyamericannewsmedia/exhibits/show/news-and-the-civil-war/item/54"&gt;over-caricaturized and stereotyped&lt;/a&gt; elements, and began to actively engage with questions about enlisting and educating former slaves. One of the most famous articles about this subject was &amp;ldquo;A Typical Negro,&amp;rdquo; which showed before and after images of a slave-cum-soldier named Gordon, with the largest image of the transformation featuring the formerly enslaved man&amp;rsquo;s back, scarred from past whippings, exposed during a medical examination performed before enlistment. This engraving was based on a widely circulated &lt;a href="https://collections.americanantiquarian.org/earlyamericannewsmedia/exhibits/show/news-and-the-civil-war/item/81"&gt;carte-de-visite&lt;/a&gt; of the same. Though the article took a positive outlook on transforming &lt;a href="https://collections.americanantiquarian.org/earlyamericannewsmedia/exhibits/show/news-and-the-civil-war/item/126"&gt;former slaves into soldiers&lt;/a&gt;, and very powerfully demonstrated the improvement provided by enlistment through such images, there was still an element of voyeurism and curiosity about the freedmen and their very recent pasts evident in such pieces.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://collections.americanantiquarian.org/earlyamericannewsmedia/exhibits/show/news-and-the-civil-war/item/124"&gt;Harper&amp;rsquo;s Weekly&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/em&gt;became such a mainstay of popular news culture during the Civil War, that the newspaper could make references to its own popularity within its illustrations. Copies of &lt;em&gt;Harper&amp;rsquo;s &lt;/em&gt;are among the presents Santa Claus is handing out to the war-weary soldiers stuck in camp for Christmas in this cover illustration from January 3, 1863.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Harper Brothers publishing house in New York set the standard for illustrated magazines with the inauguration of its very popular &lt;em&gt;Harper&amp;rsquo;s Monthly Magazine&lt;/em&gt; in1850, a staid literary magazine aimed at a broad but genteel reading public. This publication demonstrated that illustrations were now an indispensable element for a successful periodical, and after Frank Leslie (born Henry Carter; 1821-80) established &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://collections.americanantiquarian.org/earlyamericannewsmedia/exhibits/show/news-and-the-civil-war/item/122"&gt;Frank Leslie&amp;rsquo;s Illustrated Newspaper&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/em&gt;in 1855 with some success, Harper Brothers soon followed with its own pictorial weekly, &lt;em&gt;Harper&amp;rsquo;s Weekly&lt;/em&gt;, in 1857. Unlike &lt;em&gt;Leslie&amp;rsquo;s&lt;/em&gt;, which focused heavily on news events and at times even sensationalism, &lt;em&gt;Harper&amp;rsquo;s &lt;/em&gt;followed the model of its magazine forebear, carrying less news and more literary content, and an utterly respectable reputation.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;In the years leading up to the Civil War, &lt;em&gt;Harper&amp;rsquo;s &lt;/em&gt;tried to avoid discussion of the mounting sectional crisis and was generally placating when it did touch upon the subject. Over the course of the war the paper would become increasingly pro-Union and staunchly Republican, but in the early days, as can be seen in this April 27, 1861, issue featuring the bombing of Fort Sumter, the weekly was still trying to cautiously tread middle ground. The cover story on the bombardment gives an outline of the crisis, but withholds any strong judgments about culpability. The article that accompanies the cover illustration, which features the swearing in of new volunteers in Washington, D. C., mostly reports the facts about the gathering of troops. The graphic images of the bombing of Fort Sumter are from both the Confederate and Union perspectives.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;But, as a note about &amp;ldquo;Our Illustrations of the War&amp;rdquo; on the second page attests, the conflict could no longer be ignored. As if making up for earlier lost opportunities and sensing the necessity of covering what was yet to come, the proprietors stake their claim in the pictorial market: &amp;ldquo;In view of the momentous events which are impending, and of the actual outbreak of civil war, the proprietors of &lt;em&gt;Harper&amp;rsquo;s Weekly&lt;/em&gt; beg to draw public attention to the following list of engravings which have been published in this journal within the past few weeks, as evidence of the fidelity and thoroughness with which they are redeeming their pledge to &amp;lsquo;give a well-drawn, well-engraved, and well-printed illustration of every important event that occurs.&amp;rsquo;&amp;rdquo;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Other items of interest among the usual poems, humor tidbits, and stories (including a couple of chapters of Charles Dickens&amp;rsquo;s (1812-70) &lt;em&gt;Great Expectations&lt;/em&gt;), are the text of President Lincoln&amp;rsquo;s (1809-65) proclamation of war and an editorial about it; responses from the various states to Lincoln&amp;rsquo;s call for volunteers; a biography and portrait of the Confederate General P. G. T. Beauregard (1818-93); a map of Charleston Harbor; and a feature about Lincoln accompanied by an engraving&amp;mdash;&amp;ldquo;the first accurate portrait that has been published of him since he began to grow his beard.&amp;rdquo;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;em&gt;Click the image below to browse the full issue.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;iframe src="https://fliphtml5.com/embed/dist/html/embed-cover.html#!/?w=0&amp;amp;bc=#000&amp;amp;p=1&amp;amp;l=http://online.fliphtml5.com/xohe/skma/&amp;amp;t=http://online.fliphtml5.com/xohe/skma/files/shot.jpg" frameborder="0" width="244" height="350"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=18307"&gt;AAS Catalog Record&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Though much of the imagery surrounding African Americans was full of &lt;a href="https://collections.americanantiquarian.org/earlyamericannewsmedia/exhibits/show/news-and-the-civil-war/item/54"&gt;stereotypes and caricatures&lt;/a&gt; throughout the war, even in the North, positive depictions of African Americans began to appear more often as the war progressed. Though some unofficial black regiments were formed after the Second Confiscation and Militia Act in July 1862, it was not until after the Emancipation Proclamation took effect on January 1, 1863, that official recruitment of black volunteers began in earnest. With morale low, white volunteer numbers dropping, and an increasing number of African Americans ready to fight, the influx of black troops was a boost for the Union army. The visual culture began to reflect this change by depicting &lt;a href="https://collections.americanantiquarian.org/earlyamericannewsmedia/exhibits/show/news-and-the-civil-war/item/126"&gt;African American soldiers&lt;/a&gt; as eager, quick learning, and courageous, evident in these images from the March 14, 1863, issue of &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://collections.americanantiquarian.org/earlyamericannewsmedia/exhibits/show/news-and-the-civil-war/item/124"&gt;Harper&amp;rsquo;s Weekly&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;. The first shows new African American recruits learning to use rifles, and the second shows a regiment in battle. These illustrations were also accompanied by an article called &amp;ldquo;Negroes as Soldiers,&amp;rdquo; which explains the images and includes quotes from officers praising the new recruits.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://catalog.mwa.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=18172"&gt;AAS Catalog Record&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Frank Leslie&amp;rsquo;s Illustrated Newspaper&lt;/em&gt;, established in 1855,was the first successful pictorial newspaper in the United States. Before immigrating to the United States in 1848, Frank Leslie (born Henry Carter; 1821-80) had worked for six years in the engraving department at the &lt;em&gt;London Illustrated News&lt;/em&gt;, which began in 1842 and would become the model for the commercial illustrated press in America. After arriving in the United States, he did stints with &lt;em&gt;Gleason&amp;rsquo;s Pictorial&lt;/em&gt; in Boston and the&lt;em&gt; Illustrated News &lt;/em&gt;in New York before founding one monthly women&amp;rsquo;s magazine and acquiring another. But what he really wanted was a weekly illustrated newspaper, and on December 15, 1855, he published the first issue of &lt;em&gt;Frank Leslie&amp;rsquo;s Illustrated Newspaper.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Though &lt;em&gt;Leslie&amp;rsquo;s &lt;/em&gt;would become a great success, its first few years were plagued by the same instability of its other American predecessors. Leslie, however, who found that activism, sensationalism, and tell-alls sold, finally found a stable readership with his paper&amp;rsquo;s extensive nonpartisan coverage of John Brown&amp;rsquo;s raid on Harper&amp;rsquo;s Ferry and the ensuing trial and execution. By 1860, &lt;em&gt;Leslie&amp;rsquo;s &lt;/em&gt;had a circulation of 164,000. Right through secession and up to the bombing of Fort Sumter, &lt;em&gt;Leslie&amp;rsquo;s&lt;/em&gt; tried to keep its Southern readership by balancing its coverage of events and printing a variety of opinions. After the bombardment, however, the paper switched to a strong pro-Union stance and found a wider audience in a Northern populace now invested in war.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;This issue from May 6, 1865, speaks to both &lt;em&gt;Leslie&amp;rsquo;s &lt;/em&gt;political stance as well as its tendency toward sensationalism. The cover illustration depicts John Wilkes Booth (1838-65) jumping from the balcony after shooting President Lincoln at Ford&amp;rsquo;s Theatre, and the cover article extols the virtues of General William T. Sherman (1820-91). Other items in the issue include President Andrew Johnson&amp;rsquo;s (1808-75) views on treason, a series of news tidbits injected with humor called &amp;ldquo;Epitome of the Week,&amp;rdquo; news about the wrapping up of the war in North Carolina, and a two-page spread showing Lincoln&amp;rsquo;s remains as they lay in state at the White House.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;em&gt;Click the image below to browse the full issue.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;iframe src="https://fliphtml5.com/embed/dist/html/embed-cover.html#!/?w=0&amp;amp;bc=#000&amp;amp;p=1&amp;amp;l=http://online.fliphtml5.com/xohe/qzzx/&amp;amp;t=http://online.fliphtml5.com/xohe/qzzx/files/shot.jpg" frameborder="0" width="264" height="350"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</text>
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